Can Domestic Food Production Provide Future Urban Populations with Food and Nutrition Security?—Insights from Bangladesh, Kenya and Uganda

Population growth and urbanization increasingly put pressure on our planet's availability of areas needed for food production. The dependencies on domestically produced food are increasingly judged favourable, following the consequences of the Ukrainian war, with escalating fuel and grain prices and less accessibilities to low-income groups. It is, however, unclear whether land is domestically available. Applying a food system approach, the main aim of this article is to investigate spatial foodsheds and theoretical self-sufficiency for food production needed to supply increasing future populations in a selection of cities, including estimates for Dhaka in Bangladesh, Nairobi in Kenya and Kampala in Uganda. The projected foodshed scenario areas for the years 2020 and 2050 are estimated for the production of three core products currently extensively produced and consumed in the three countries. They show that it is not possible to feed an ever-increasing urban population based on domestic production alone. International trade, new technological developments and new consumer demands for less area-intensive food production systems may give solutions to the immense challenge of feeding the world's population with nutritious food in 2050. However, to ensure fair and inclusive transition pathways for low-income groups: (1) affordability and accessibility of trade opportunities, technologies and products, (2) a common vision aiming for the SDGs, including SDG2: Zero hunger and SDG11: Sustainable Cities and Communities as well as (3) best practices in co-creation and cooperation with the most vulnerable urban and rural populations, are highly needed.

Impact of COVID-19, Lockdowns and Economic Slowdown on Food and Nutrition Security in India

The two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in India have resulted in widespread food insecurity and hunger in the country as a result of the burden of health expenditure and illness, economic slowdown and loss of livelihoods. Given the context of high levels of malnutrition and some reversal in the gains made in the last decade, this could have serious long-term implications. The response of the government in the form of additional benefits for PDS beneficiaries and some continuation of school meals and supplementary nutrition under ICDS scheme has been inadequate. This paper argues that there is a need to use the pandemic as an opportunity to expand and strengthen these schemes with a view of making the food system more equitable. As immediate measures, universalisation of the PDS including pulses and oil and strengthening of direct nutrition programmes for children and women are imperative. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

COVID-19 Pandemic, Climate Change, and Conflicts on Agriculture: A Trio of Challenges to Global Food Security

Global food security is a worldwide concern. Food insecurity is a significant threat to poverty and hunger eradication goals. Agriculture is one of the focal points in the global policy agenda. Increases in agricultural productivity through the incorporation of technological advances or expansion of cultivable land areas have been pushed forward. However, production growth has slowed in many parts of the world due to various endemic challenges, such as decreased investment in agricultural research, lack of infrastructure in rural areas, and increasing water scarcity. Climate change adversities in agriculture and food security are increasing. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected global food supply chains. Economic and social instability from the pandemic contribute to long-term disturbances. Additionally, conflicts such as war directly affect agriculture by environmental degradation, violence, and breaches of national and international trade agreements. A combination of food security and climate change challenges along with increased conflicts among nations and post-COVID-19 social and economic issues bring bigger and more serious threats to agriculture. This necessitates the strategic design of policies through multifaceted fields regarding food systems. In this comprehensive review, we explore how these three challenging factors, COVID-19, climate change, and conflicts, are interrelated, and how they affect food security. We discuss the impact of these issues on the agricultural sector, plus possible ways of preventing or overcoming such adverse effects.

(In)segurança alimentar e agricultura familiar: políticas públicas como estratégia de superação da fome

32 milhões de brasileiros sofriam com a fome na década de 1990. Para dirimir este problema a implantação de políticas públicas de fomento à agricultura familiar no País foi uma das ações mais eficazes. Desde 2015, os recursos destinados a tais políticas reduziram drasticamente, gerando descontinuidade no fornecimento de alimentos a entidades e usuárias(os) dos programas, perdas na renda de agricultoras(es) e insegurança alimentar, situações agravadas com a pandemia de Covid-19. Partindo dos conceitos de segurança alimentar, agricultura familiar e políticas públicas, este artigo objetiva compreender os rebatimentos do desinvestimento das políticas públicas e da pandemia no cotidiano de agricultoras(es) familiares de Barbalha-CE. Prosseguiu-se com o exame de documentos públicos, entrevistas, observações e conversas no cotidiano com agricultoras(es), cujos dados foram compreendidos a partir da análise de práticas discursivas. Os resultados assinalam dificuldades das(os) trabalhadoras(es) em acessar serviços públicos, produzir, comercializar e garantir a segurança alimentar de suas famílias.Alternate :32 million Brazilians suffered from hunger in the 1990s. To solve this problem, the implementation of public policies to promote family farming in the country was one of the most effective actions. Since 2015, the resources allocated to such policies have drastically reduced, generating discontinuity in the supply of food to entities and users of the programs, losses in the income of farmers and food insecurity, situations aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the concepts of food security, family farming and public policies, this article aims to understand the repercussions of the divestment of public policies and the pandemic in the daily lives of family farmers in Barbalha-CE. We continued with the examination of public documents, interviews, observations and daily conversations with female farmers, whose data were understood from the analysis of discursive practices. The results point out the difficulties of the workers in accessing public services, producing, marketing and guaranteeing the food security of their families.

Food Bank Led Federal Food Disbursement and Pantry Sourced Food Quality Over Time During COVID-19 Pandemic in Minnesota

Federally funded Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) aims to improve nutrition equity through hunger relief setting. However, little is known about TEFAP disbursement method (choice, modified choice, and no choice) to pantries or the quality received by pantries. Food inventory data from 239 pantries in 2020 were used to assess the association between TEFAP quality and type of disbursement methods longitudinally. While no significant differences were observed in quality across disbursement types and months. Our study suggests there are tradeoffs across different methods. TEFAP for the most part is a healthy food source that should be maximized by food pantries.Copyright © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Declaration of Cuernavaca

The National Public Health Institutes (NPHI), members of the Latin American Regional Network of the International Association of National Institutes of Public Health, met face to face at the headquarters of the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, in the City of Cuernavaca, from October 5 to 7, 2022, with the participation of the directors or their representatives of the NPHIs of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru and Suriname and representatives of the South American Sub regional Program (SAM), and the Central American Sub regional Program (CAM) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (OTCA), the Andean Health Agency/Hipolito Unanue Agreement (ORAS/CONHU) and the Central American Integration System (SICA/COMISCA), analyzing the role of the NPHI in combating health inequities;in confronting the global climate and environmental crisis;combating hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition;successes and challenges in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic;strengthening and continuous improvement of integrated disease surveillance and preparedness for health emergencies;as well as the various existing regional and sub-regional health cooperation programs, noticing that: 1. In the current scenario, the dominating development model is a generator of growing social inequalities, which determine serious inequities in the health conditions of our peoples. 2. Likewise, the current model of production and consumption, adopted at the global level, has increased hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition that possibly constitute nowadays the main health problem in our region. 3. The environmental crisis, which is also a product of the current global development model, has a significant impact on human and animal health and the interaction between both. 4. The NPHIs have played a role of major relevance in confronting the Covid-19 pandemic, not fully applying, however, their full potential for research and for proposing national plans for the disease control. 5. Health surveillance systems, in most of our countries, suffer from significant fragmentation between various sectors and within the health sector itself, implying, in any case, reactive actions that do not allow for anticipating the emergence of new pathologies or health emergencies. 6. The various regional and sub regional cooperation agencies and programs offer an enormous capacity for synergies and mutual cooperation.

COVID-19 and Its Implications on Agriculture, Environment, and Water Sectors

The advent of COVID-19 had implications for various sectors of the economy, compounding the challenges set in motion by climate change. Whilst the dawn of 2021 came with hope for recovery from the pandemic, the beginning of 2022 came with another complexity of the Russia-Ukraine war, which hampered recovery efforts. This book examines the trends, dynamics, and implications of COVID-19 for agriculture, environment, and water sectors within the broader context of Sustainable Development Goals using a cocktail of primary and secondary research techniques. The book adopts the quantitative, qualitative, and multi-methods of enquiry. Findings show the increasing temporal trend of COVID-19 cases following periodic waves and spatially variable distribution of cases, with more cases in densely populated urban areas. These trends and dynamics, influenced by a web of intermingling factors, have had ramifications on the agricultural, environmental, and water sectors and subsectors with consequent negative outcomes on virtually all facets of life. The recovery process is being hampered by several factors ranging from poor governance, which results in policy distortions and other global factors. Climate change and the Russia- Ukraine war have complicated the COVID-19 recovery process by pushing up oil and food prices, rendering the poor more vulnerable to food insecurity and increased poverty, challenging Zimbabwe's economic resilience. Social safety nets and tackling climate change and other policy distortions are critical to ensure a sustainable future. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.

Mapas, fome e planejamento territorial

Este artigo objetiva analisar os mapeamentos na interface da segurança alimentar e nutricional e do planejamento territorial. Para isso, consideramos a fome como manifestação da questão social, o retorno do Brasil ao mapa da fome durante a Pandemia de Covid-19, a importância do Estado no planejamento de políticas públicas e a literatura. O exame da literatura demonstrou uma frágil relação entre os campos da cartografia temática, do planejamento e da alimentação. Como procedimento metodológico, realizamos a análise crítica de estudos selecionados, mobilizando definições de desertos alimentares, pântanos e ilhas de abundância. Concluímos que, para a efetivação do direito humano à alimentação adequada, é fundamental um planejamento que contemple a pluralidade da alimentação e relacione aos territórios e suas populações por meio de mapeamentos temáticos intersetoriais.Alternate :The purpose of this paper is to analyze the interface in mapping territorial planning and food and nutrition security. To achieve this, we consider hunger as a manifestation of the social issue, the return of Brazil to the hunger map during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the importance of the State in planning public policies, and also the literature. The literature examination demonstrates a fragile relationship between the fields of thematic cartography, territorial planning, and food. The method used was the critical analysis of selected studies, mobilizing the following definitions: food deserts, swamps, and islands of abundance. We conclude that, for the realization of the human right to adequate food, it is essential that planning relates the plurality of food to territories and their populations through intersectoral thematic mapping.

The Prevalence and Determinants of Child Hunger and Its Associations with Early Childhood Nutritional Status among Urban Poverty Households during COVID-19 Pandemic in Petaling District, Malaysia: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Survey.

Child hunger was prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the extent, determinants, and impact on pre-school children aged 6 months to 7 years old from Malaysian urban poor households are still unknown. This exploratory cross-sectional study was performed between July 2020 and January 2021 at the Lembah Subang People Housing Project, Petaling. The households' food security status was assessed using the previously validated Radimer/Cornell questionnaire, and the children's anthropometric measurements were taken. Food diversity score was assessed using the World Health Organization Infant and Young Children Feeding (under-2 children) or Food and Agriculture Organization Women's Dietary Diversity (2-year-old-and-above children) systems. Overall, 106 households were recruited. The prevalence of child hunger is 58.4% (95% CI: 50.0, 67.4). Significant differences were found in breastfeeding and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between under-2 and ≥2-year-old children. There were no significant differences between child hunger and other food-insecure groups in weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores. Only a higher dietary diversity score was significantly protective against child hunger after adjusting for maternal age, paternal employment status, and the number of household children (ORadjusted: 0.637 (95% CI: 0.443, 0.916), p = 0.015)). Proactive strategies are warranted to reduce child hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic by improving childhood dietary diversity.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Latino Immigrants

This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latino immigrants age sixty and older from Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Based on 178 interviews with immigrants in Florida and Massachusetts, this study identifies the financial and health hardships they endured, the kinds of government and nonprofit aid they accessed, the factors keeping many from accessing aid, and the coping strategies they adopted. Respondents faced unemployment, hunger, and loss of income. Unauthorized immigrants and people in mixed-status families were deliberately excluded from federal aid. Many other immigrants who qualified were reluctant or refused it. Immigrants without legal status and those who had more recently arrived were the most severely affected. Individuals and families responded to these challenges by doubling up, going without food and medicine, and working while sick. Greater outreach and more humane public policies could have prevented much of this suffering.

Development of an Individualized Responsive Feeding Coaching Intervention

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Responsive infant feeding (RIF) promotes healthy dietary patterns and infant weight gain. Research is needed to assist caregivers recognize infant hunger/satiety cues and overcome barriers to using RIF. The Learning Early Infant Feeding Cues (LEIFc) intervention was designed to fill this gap by using a validated coaching approach to promote RIF. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Guided by the Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) model, this proof-of-concept study tests the feasibility and fidelity of the LEIFc intervention in mother-infant dyads (N=25). Study visits from the 3rd trimester of pregnancy to 4 months postpartum (PP) are conducted in family homes. Use of RIF via subjective (survey) and objective (video) measures is collected at 1 and 4 months PP. Prenatally written and video material on infant feeding and infant hunger/satiety cues is provided. At 2 and 3 months PP, coaching during a feeding session is provided by a trained interventionist using the SS-OO-PP-RR (super, Setting the Stage, Observation & Opportunities, Problem Solving & Planning, Reflection & Review) approach. Qualitative data on LEIFc are provided by the interventionist and participants. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date 25 dyads have been enrolled and 4 have completed all study visits. Preliminary analyses showed that subjective measure of awareness of infant cues increased post intervention (pre, M=4.38 vs post, M=4.63). LEIFc has been well accepted by participants including use of the SS-OO-PP-RR approach. Data suggests refinement to LEIFc is needed to include breastfeeding and mental health support as well as a longer duration of intervention through at least 6 months PP. An experienced interventionist is key to success of the research. All lost to follow-up (n=7) have occurred before the first PP visit suggesting that at study visit closer to birth is needed. Enrollment will continue through December 2022 and data collection through April 2023. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: After refinement, the LEIFc intervention will be tested in a pilot RCT. The long-term goal is to implement LEIFc in the curricula of federally funded maternal-child home visiting programs who serve vulnerable populations;those that often have infant feeding practices that do not align with recommendations and are less likely to use RIF.

Documents on Democracy

In a country where every ninth person is suffering food shortage, a country where more than one million civilians have fled their homes and villages and have nowhere to live, a country where everyone has lost a family member or a friend to hunger, exposure, war, landmines, arbitrary killings, or the COVID pandemic the military did their utmost to exacerbate, we are all the victims of the military's crimes. There appears to be a parallel trend of an increased number and length of imprisonments occurring through criminal justice processes, suggesting that the focus of deprivation of liberty has shifted towards imprisonment, on purported grounds of counter-terrorism and counter-"extremism." The systems of arbitrary detention and related patterns of abuse in VETC and other detention facilities come against the backdrop of broader discrimination against members of Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minorities based on perceived security threats emanating from individual members of these groups. The Government holds the primary duty to ensure that all laws and policies are brought into compliance with international human rights law and to promptly investigate any allegations of human rights violations, to ensure accountability for perpetrators and to provide redress to victims.

Hunger and food security in the times of Covid-19.

This paper discusses the situation of hunger and malnutrition in India during the times of the Covid-19, the associated lockdown and the aftermath. The economic slowdown and loss of employment have resulted in widespread food insecurity. There are also concerns that this might have long-lasting effects on the nutrition status of the population. In this context, government support through schemes such as the PDS plays an important role. While there have been some interventions through these schemes towards providing food and cash support to people, there are many gaps. The availability of high food stocks can be used as an opportunity to provide a universal PDS which is the need of the hour. Other issues such as expanding the PDS to include pulses and oils, decentralised procurement, universal food support through school meals and ICDS, and enhanced cash transfers through social security schemes also need to be ensured.

Health systems and nutrition in the time of COVID-19.

As infection rates rise, job losses increase and workers leave cities to walk back home, and there is a silent hunger and nutrition crisis striking the country. Those who will bear the brunt of this are the already vulnerable-namely, children, adolescent girls, nursing and expectant mothers-now denied even basic calories. Among these are some who are also suffering huge weight losses because of the 15 days of high fever. This tragedy will play out in various horrifying ways in the future and must be addressed with urgency. Our stimulus package promises loans, which will take time to reach the poor, and a meager ration of cereals and pulses, while hunger and insufficient nutrition are immediate problems as Raghuram Rajan pointed out recently.

A Crisis within a Crisis: Covid-19 and Hidden Hunger

The coronavirus (Covid-19), which was recognized in December 2019 and quickly became a worldwide pandemic, has become a significant public health problem. When it comes the immune and infectious diseases, effects of nutrition on the inflammatory system cannot be ignored. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are critical to a well-functioning immune system and vital in supporting nutritional and health well-being. However, there are serious vitamin and mineral deficiencies worldwide known as "Hidden Hunger". It is thought that need for micronutrients in nutrition may increase especially during Covid-19 pandemic process. Therefore, it is essential take precautions regarding the formation of hidden hunger. While the underlying determinants and complexity of malnutrition have been better understood through years of research, these researches have been limited in scaling, developing and implementing nutrition and food system approaches closely related to sustainable agriculture targeting food diversity and livelihoods. In this review, the Covid-19 pandemic and its interactions with health, environment, food and their relationship to chronic micronutrient deficiencies, known as 'hidden hunger,' which affected more than two billion people worldwide, are evaluated.

Common pots in Chile. Understanding a social phenomenon of organization to face hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a socioeconomic crisis, increasing food insecurity. Government measures have not been enough, and the community has organized itself to solve its food needs. In Chile, the "Ollas Comunes" (OC) have re-emerged: self-managed social organizations whose purpose is to feed community members in a situation of hunger. The study aims to describe the characteristic elements of the operation of the OC in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, which uses quantitative and qualitative data. Through an online form, information was collected from 117 OC nationwide. Result(s): On average, nine people work in the OC, with different tasks. The OC operated mainly three days a week in community spaces and in the more vulnerable neighborhoods. The volunteers recognized that the OC arose from a community need that the government could not attend to;the OC promoted social participation and helped the vulnerable population. Conclusion(s): This research could help develop public policies that consider these community organizations and their role in food insecurity and take advantage of the community capacity.Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Espanola de Nutricion Comunitaria. All rights reserved.

Crisis resilience ‘critical' to stem rising hunger

Speed read Crises, shocks and volatility to food systems becoming the new norm Policy focus should shift to ‘permanent crisis resilience' – report Local groups could be key to gender inclusion, data collection [SYDNEY] A shift towards permanent "crisis resilience” from short-term aid is crucial to mitigate increasingly frequent shocks to the global food system and tackle rising global hunger, say food policy researchers. Rob Vos, IFPRI's director of markets, trade and institutions, says a closer connection is needed between early warning systems that monitor global food market volatility and those that monitor food insecurity at the local level. "Both systems further need to pay more attention to monitoring the risk factors that underly food supply or price shocks as that cause food crises,” Vos tells SciDev.Net.

Protecting Women and the Girl Child in Sub-Saharan Africa Against Extreme Poverty and Hunger During a Pandemic: Lessons from Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic has tested the capacities of countries across the globe. Since first reported in the Wuhan province of China in December 2019, the pandemic has led to significant loss of human lives with unprecedented challenges to public health systems, food availability, and economic stability. Millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty and are in peril of food insecurity. The United Nations Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs) 1 and 2 collectively address poverty, ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition, which were notably off track for full implementation by 2030, even before the Covid-19 pandemic. This chapter reviews the impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on SDGs 1 and 2 and discusses measures to protect the women and the girl child in Sub-Saharan Africa against extreme poverty and hunger resulting from this current and future pandemics. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.

Childhood food insecurity: A program impact and evaluation study of the meals on wheels for kids program

In America, millions of families and children face hunger and food insecurity every day. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, more than thirty-eight million people experienced hunger in 2020. As many as 13 million children in the United States live in food-insecure homes. Many households that experience food insecurity do not qualify for federal nutrition programs. While valuable, barriers to these programs can block food-insecure households with children and prevent access to healthy food. The impact of adverse health and nutritional consequences, of a food-insecure household, will continue to plague our communities until efficient programming connects to those in need. Household and child food insecurity has greatly changed. Since the pandemic, our respect for food systems, food availability, and food security has greatly intensified. The actual numbers of food insecurity within these past two years are yet to be realized. While the above statistics are alarming, the concern is that food insecurity data will greatly worsen, specifically in families with children. The COVID-19 pandemic has made us all aware that, as a nation, we need to develop many programs to assure everyone has a place at the table. This proposed study will collaborate with a community pilot program that is trying to fill that gap. The program provides home-delivered meals and serves children in need of healthy foods. An evaluation and impact study for program recipients will analyze the impact of nutrition security and perceived benefits from the participation of the nutrition-focused, home delivery meal program. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Food Safety: A Critical Review Based on SDG 2.

This paper aims to analyze the issue of food security, articulating it with the relevance of achieving SDG 2, as one of the fundamental objectives set by the United Nations Organization for Sustainable Development (2015). To achieve this end, the research focuses on four fundamental aspects: 1. The relevance of food security in the global context and the need for timely access to food for individuals, without neglecting the asymmetric structural contexts on the planet, such as hunger and poverty, which limit the conditions for development (FAO, 2009). 2. The relevance of SDG 2 for food security, the production of goods and food effectively, preventing actions that threaten life on the planet (Cóndor et. al, 2022). 3. The presence of people who suffer from hunger in the Latin American and Caribbean region, which has been on the rise since the 2010s and which limits the possibilities of access to sustainability and better living conditions (ECLAC, 2019), a fact that has been intensified with the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic (FAO, 2021). 4. The COVID-19 pandemic that has given rise to new vulnerabilities and conditions for access to food, resulting, among other things, in the stunted growth of infants under five years of age. The method used is documentary review. It concludes on the relevance of food security for the achievement of sustainable development, for the reduction of poverty and structural asymmetric conditions, without failing to recognize the distance that exists to reach the fulfillment of these objectives, especially in convulsive scenarios such as those of the global South. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] El artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el tema de la seguridad alimentaria, articulándolo con la pertinencia de alcanzar el ODS 2, como uno de los objetivos fundamentales planteados por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo sostenible (2015). Para lograr tal fin, la investigación se centra en cuatro aspectos fundamentales: 1. La relevancia de la seguridad alimentaria en el contexto global y la necesidad del oportuno acceso a la alimentación de los individuos, sin dejar de lado los contextos asimétricos estructurales en el planeta, como el hambre y la pobreza, que limitan las condiciones para el desarrollo (FAO, 2009). 2. La pertinencia del ODS 2 para la seguridad alimentaria, la producción de bienes y alimentos de forma efectiva, evitando acciones que atenten contra la vida en el planeta (Cóndor et. al, 2022). 3. La presencia de personas que padecen hambre en la región latinoamericana y caribeña, que viene en ascenso desde la década del 2010 y que limita las posibilidades de acceso a la sostenibilidad y mejores condiciones de vida (CEPAL, 2019), hecho que se ha intensificado con la presencia de la pandemia COVID-19 (FAO, 2021). 4. La pandemia COVID-19 que ha dado lugar a nuevas vulnerabilidades y condicionamientos para el acceso a la alimentación, resultando, entre otras cosas, en el retraso de crecimiento de infantes menores de cinco años. El método utilizado es la revisión documental. Se concluye en la relevancia de la seguridad alimentaria para el logro del desarrollo sostenible, para la disminución de la pobreza y de condiciones asimétricas estructurales, sin dejar de reconocer la distancia que existe para llegar al cumplimiento de estos objetivos, especialmente en escenarios convulsos como los del Sur global. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Revista de Filosofía is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)